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:''This article is about the butterfly described by E.J.C. Esper in 1781. Dyar in 1903 used the name for some other, undetermined, species of ''Erebia''. The Swiss brassy ringlet, ''Erebia tyndarus'', is a European brush-footed butterfly species of the subfamily Satyrinae. ==Systematics, taxonomy and evolution== The Swiss brassy ringlet belongs to the brassy ringlet group of its genus ''Erebia''. These are found in taiga and Alpine habitat across Eurasia, with one population in comparatively recent times colonizing North America. The brassy ringlet group, like many ''Erebia'', has a complicated taxonomy, with scores of "variants" having been named in the late 19th and early 20th century. Most of these in fact were simply aberrations, local or seasonal forms. As this was realized, the brassy ringlets of the Alps and Pyrenees were united in ''E. tyndarus'', either as a superspecies or as a species.〔 In recent times, this question has been restudied, including the DNA sequence data available nowadays. The view that only a single species of this non-migratory butterfly with restricted habitat preferences occurs in far-flung localities like the Sierra Nevada of southern Spain or the Julian Alps of Slovenia is generally considered obsolete.〔 Rather, it seems that quite a few proper species are involved. The Swiss brassy ringlet in particular is part of a cryptic species complex from the Alps. These diverged at the end of the Riss/Saale glaciation roughly 130,000 years ago, when the available habitat shifted up the mountains. The ancestors of the Alpine brassy ringlets had lived in the lowlands when the Alps were entirely covered by ice, and as the ice retreated, their typical habitat moved upwards, and the butterflies with them. Thus, different populations became isolated in different mountain ranges and with gene flow between them restricted started to evolve into distinct species.〔 The brassy ringlets from the Alps, the closest relatives of ''E. tyndarus'', consist of three further species:〔 * ''Erebia nivalis'' (de Lesse's brassy ringlet), found in the highest regions of the Central Eastern Alps of Austria * ''Erebia calcaria'' (Lorkovic's brassy ringlet), from the Julian Alps which straddle the borders of Austria, Italy and Slovenia * ''Erebia cassioides'' (Common brassy ringlet), which occurs on meadows somewhat further downhill than the other species and consequently is widely distributed in the rest of the Alps. The last is presumably closest to the last common ancestors of the Alpine brassy ringlets.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Erebia tyndarus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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